Abstract This work presents an alternative to studying and determining the torsion modulus, G, in composites. For this purpose, we use a measuring system with a rotation motion sensor coupled with a torsion pendulum that allows for determining the angular position as a function of the time. Then, through an equation derived from mechanical spectroscopy studies that permits the calculation of G’s value, the experiments focus on samples of different quantities of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in unsaturated polyester resins. The results show that CaCO3 (33.33%W) fillers increase G’s value by 88% compared with unsaturated resin (100%W). Furthermore, there is a density increase of approximately 21% with the addition of CaCO3, considering the same two samples, which makes these composites the most massive. The relationship between G and composite density shows that it is possible to change the amount of CaCO3 to increase torsion resistance values in a controlled way.

RESUMO O processo de retificação possui como características o bom acabamento superficial e alta precisão dimensional e geométrica. Assim, peças usinadas por este processo possuem um alto valor agregado por se tratar de um processo de acabamento que é comumente realizado nas últimas etapas da fabricação. Um fator limitador do processo de retificação é a quantidade de calor gerada, a qual é minimizada pela aplicação de fluidos de corte. Os fluidos utilizados, na maior parte dos casos são poluentes e contém substâncias que são nocivas à saúde e ao meio ambiente, além do mesmo possuir um alto custo de compra, manutenção e descarte. Visando reduzir a quantidade de fluido utilizada durante o processo de retificação, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido. O seu principal objetivo é melhorar a técnica da mínima quantidade de lubrificação através da aplicação combinada com ar comprimido a baixa temperatura. Esta aplicação visa aumentar o efeito de refrigeração e assim minimizar a geração de calor na região de corte. Para avaliar a eficácia da técnica foram analisados os parâmetros de rugosidade, circularidade, desgaste do rebolo e potência consumida durante a usinagem. Estes valores foram medidos para três métodos distintos de aplicação de fluidos de corte durante o processo de retificação, a fim de compará-los. A técnica de lubri-refrigeração convencional obteve melhores resultados para os parâmetros analisados, ficando a técnica de CAMQL (mínima quantidade de fluido combinado com a aplicação de ar comprimido resfriado) com resultados intermediários e a técnica de MQL (mínima quantidade de lubrificação) com os piores resultados obtidos em todos os parâmetros. A técnica proposta de redução de quantidade de fluido utilizada atingiu, em geral, resultados positivos, provando a viabilidade da mesma para a retificação do aço AISI 4340 utilizando rebolo de CBN, o Nitreto Cúbico de Boro, um superabrasivo com capacidade de corte inferior apenas ao diamante.

ABSTRACT The grinding process provides us with good surface finish and good dimensional and geometric precision. Also, ground pieces have a high added value due to this process being a finishing one and is commonly carried out in the last stages of manufacture. A limiting factor for grinding is the great amount of heat generated, which is better removed from the cutting zone by the application of cutting fluids. The fluid used, in most of cases, are pollutants and contain substances that are harmful both to workers and environment, besides having a high cost of purchase, maintenance and disposal. In order to reduce the amount of fluid used during grinding, the present work was developed. Its main objective is to improve the technique of minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) by combining it with the application of compressed cold air. This aims to increase the cooling effect and yet minimize the heat concentration in the cutting zone. To evaluate the effectiveness of the technique, the parameters of roughness, circularity, grinding wheel wear and power consumption during machining were analyzed. These values were measured for three different methods of application of cutting fluids during grinding to compare. The conventional flood application obtained the best results for the parameters analyzed while CAMQL (cold air minimum quantity lubrication) presents intermediate results and MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) the worst results obtained in all analyzed parameters. The proposed technique of reducing the amount of fluid used has generally been positive, proving its feasibility for the grinding of AISI 4340 steel using CBN grinding wheel with CBN being Cubic Boron Nitride, a superabrasive material.

Abstract Usually, machining employs cooling methods to avoid high temperatures. In most cases, the cutting fluid is applied with high flow and low pressures. This technique consumes a large amount of cutting fluid that causes serious problems in the environment and in the health of the worker. An alternative to the conventional cooling method is the Minimum Quantity of Lubricant. The MQL attempts to minimize the consumption of cutting fluid, which this study is about, whereby the reduction provided by this MQL was 99.99%. This technique consumes only the necessary quantity of cutting fluid to create a thin film of lubricant on the cutting surface grinding wheel. The MQL aerosol is injected with high pressure in the contact zone, efficiently lubricating the grinding process. However, the cooling effect of MQL is not enough to dissipate all heat produced during the grinding process. This study analyzes the improvement in the cooling effect caused by the addition of water in the MQL. The tests were done using different concentrations of cutting fluid in water, e.g. 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 (oil:water). The experiment occurred on the external cylindrical plunge grinding with a vitrified cubic boron nitrite (CBN) grinding wheel, serving as the workpiece, the AISI 4340 quenched and tempered steel. The analyzed outputs were: surface roughness, roundness deviation, acoustic emission and vibration.. The results improved with the addition of water in the cutting fluid used in the MQL technique. The comparison with the MQL conditions showed that the best condition was the fluid with more water concentration.

Os esforços de corte durante o torneamento de tarugos de alumina à verde e sua correlação com aspectos superficiais da peça foram estudados em condições experimentais. A correlação entre a força de usinagem e a taxa de remoção de material é um parâmetro importante na definição do projeto de produtos cerâmicos, já que, parâmetros inadequados produzem danos superficiais inaceitáveis na peça. O presente estudo analisou os esforços de corte obtidos durante o torneamento de peças de alumina com 99,8% de pureza no seu estado verde e monitorou a influência da profundidade de corte nestes; utilizando-se ferramentas de corte de cermet sob condições constantes de usinagem. Os esforços de corte foram relacionados com os acabamentos superficiais, desgastes nas ferramentas e temperaturas das ferramentas durante a usinagem. Verificou-se que a profundidade de corte não afetou consideravelmente a qualidade das superfícies. Entretanto, ensaios preliminares para seleção das condições de corte, mostraram que velocidades de corte e avanços inadequados geram danos à superfície da peça. Assim, a melhor condição de corte foi a de maior profundidade de corte, 1,0 mm, uma vez que, com profundidades de corte menores aumenta-se o número de passes necessários para remoção do sobre material da peça, o que inevitavelmente leva a maior desgaste da ferramenta, maior força de usinagem e pior acabamento superficial. Destaca-se que a alumina em seu estado verde apresentou elevado efeito abrasivo sobre a ferramenta durante o torneamento. A sinterização da peça produzida na melhor condição de corte indicou que a qualidade do acabamento na superfície verde foi mantida.

In experimental conditions, cutting forces were studied during turning of green alumina billets, including their correlation with surface aspects of the workpiece. The correlation between cutting power and the removal rate are important parameters for defining the design of ceramic products, since inadequate parameters can produce excessive surface damage to the workpiece. This study examined the forces obtained during turning of alumina workpieces with 99.8% purity in their green state, by means of a three-point dynamometer, evaluating the cutting, feed and depth forces, using a cermet tool under constant machining conditions. Variables were compared with the forces, including surface finish, tool wear and temperature during machining. In the study, it was found that the depth of cut had no significant effect on the surface quality, and the cutting speed and feed influencing the finish. However, preliminary tests for selecting the cutting conditions showed that unsuitables cutting speeds and feeds generate severe damage to the workpiece surface. The best condition was 1.00 mm depth of cut, and the forces increasedfor with each pass performed, with the feed force the variable with greatest increases in relation to the cutting and depth forces, and wear of the cutting tool directly influenced the surface finish, generated by the highly abrasive nature of the alumina particles of the green compact. It is emphasized that the alumina in its green state showed high abrasive effect on the cutting tool during the turning process and the surface finishing of the green workpiece had a direct influence on the sintered workpiece.